English Assignment - Eruption of Mount Merapi

Mount Merapi is a volcano in the central part of Java Island and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia.The mountain is very dangerous because, according to records having eruption (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlement.

Mount Merapi last erupted in November 2010. The biggest eruption occurred at dawn Friday, November 5, 2010.  Since it began vomiting hot clouds and lava occur irregularly. Even,  the sound of rumbling Mount Merapi eruption was heard up to the city of Yogyakarta and other areas around Merapi, such as Magelang and Klaten. It eruption caused a rain of gravel, sand and ash in various areas in Yogyakarta, Central Java and West Java. Since then the danger radius for all places be enlarged up to 20 km from the summit. 

Merapi eruption causes hundreds of people died and thousands of livestock died. In addition, thousands of people also lost their homes because destroyed by heat clouds. Volcanic material in the form of sand, stone and mud hoard their homes. It caused thousands of local people to flee in refugee barracks. This eruption also destroyed many natural attractions facilities located around the mountain and hundreds hectares of forests in the area of Mount Merapi charred hot clouds. In addition, Heavy rain occurring at the peak of Merapi resulted in floods that bring volcanic material along the river flow that comes from Merapi.

Now the area that destroyed by the eruption of Merapi is become a new tourist destination, the "lava tour". Natural charm after the eruption of Merapi attract tourists to visit areas of the slopes of Mount Merapi.

On that occasion the tourists are invited to see the destruction of forests, the impact of hot clouds in Kali Gendol, Kali Woro and Kali Kuning, also the houses and trees that scorched and collapsed in the villages around Merapi. For tourists the scenery was very dramatic and even rare. Like my experience when visiting the area damaged by the eruption of Merapi few days ago.

Explanation -Natural Disaster "EARTHQUAKE"

 

An earthquake is a vibration or shock that occurs on the surface of the earth. Earthquakes are usually caused by movement of the earth's crust.  

Simak

Baca secara fonetik

Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device which also records is known as a seismograph.

Simak

Baca secara fonetik

Most earthquakes result from the release of energy generated by the pressure exerted by a moving plate.

The longer the pressure was becoming enlarged and eventually reach the state where the pressure can not be arrested again by the edge of plate. That's when an earthquake will occur.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. 

Earthquakes occur every day on Earth, but the vast majority of them are minor and cause no damage. Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life, but for most earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. 

There is no known way to prevent earthquakes, but it is possible to lessen the impact. The amount of devastation from an earthquake can be greatly diminished by building structures using earthquake resistant design, making the interiors of buildings safe from falling objects, and educating people about earthquake safety.

-Global plate tectonic movement

-Result of the Earthquake

Hortatory Exposition -Does Exactly, The National Exam as a Determinant of Graduation?

 
The National Examination is final to receive graduation certificate. The national examination is not effective in evaluating students' learning abilities. National exam only gives burden to the students. Governments should remove the national exam as the sole determinant of graduation requirements, because of good reasons.

First, differences quality of teaching and quality of education in every school and region is still being a problem that has not been resolved. Quality and facilities of urban schools will different with schools in isolated areas. Question for the national exam is made for common standards for all students in Indonesian. This is certainly not fair to school that has lower quality.

Second, the national examination is not able to map the achievement of competence or education quality control tested for only three to five days. That is not consistent with the substance of legislation in the sphere of national education standards.

Third, the national examination to ignore intelligence, potential and abilities of students who are multi-level and ignore the advantages and special abilities. Very unfair if the hard work of the school for 3 years only  specified within 6 days.

Fourth, many fraud and corruption occurs during the national exam, so that the results obtained are not purely of their own students' abilities. Many smart students who do not pass the exam, while the less intelligent students who can pass, even with a high enough value.

Fifth, the national examination is not assessed in accordance with the Basic Education program, causing nine years counterproductive. Law on National Education System States that basic education is elementary and junior high so as not appropriate to apply the national examination for high school too.

Besides lack of graduates would cause frustration among students. Many students stress just because do not pass the national exam. In fact, many cases of students killing themselves because they do not pass the national exam.

           Education is directed to developing attitudes and skills a child's personality, talents, mental and physical abilities to achieve their optimum potential. Therefore the government should evaluate and improve the quality of education in Indonesian.

           It is time for a variety of skills from the students valued more positively, and the long process of education should not only relativized away with the national examination that it was time to remove.

Created By:

ARIFTA NUR RAHMAT

XI IPA 4 / 05

Lirik Jason Mraz - I'm Yours

Well you done done me and you bet I felt it
I tried to be chill but you're so hot that I melted
I fell right through the cracks
Now I'm trying to get back
Before the cool done run out
I'll be giving it my bestest
And nothing's going to stop me but divine intervention
I reckon it's again my turn to win some or learn some

I won't hesitate no more, no more
It cannot wait, I'm yours

Well open up your mind and see like me
Open up your plans and damn you're free
Look into your heart and you'll find love love love love
Listen to the music of the moment babay sing with me
We're just one big family
And It's our God-forsaken right to be loved love loved love loved

So I won't hesitate no more, not yours
It cannot wait I'm sure
There's no need to complicate
Our time is short
This is our fate, I'm yours

Scooch on over closer dear
And i will nibble your ear

I've been spending way too long checking my tongue in the mirror
And bending over backwards just to try to see it clearer
But my breath fogged up the glass
And so I drew a new face and laughed
I guess what I'm be saying is there ain't no better reason
To rid yourself of vanity and just go with the seasons
It's what we aim to do
Our name is our virtue

But I won't hesitate no more, no more
It cannot wait I'm yours

Well open up your mind and see like me
Open up your plans and damn you're free
Look into your heart and you'll find that the sky is yours
Please don't, please don't, please don't
There's no need to complicate
Cause our time is short
This oh this this is out fate, I'm yours!

http://www.stafaband.info/129136/Jason_Mraz/I%27m_Yours/

Narrative Story

 -The Frog Prince-

 
-Orientation-

In olden times when wishing still helped one, there lived a king whose daughters were all beautiful, but the youngest was so beautiful that the sun itself, which has seen so much, was astonished whenever it shone in her face. Close by the king's castle lay a great dark forest, and under an old lime-tree in the forest was a well, and when the day was very warm, the king's child went out into the forest and sat down by the side of the cool fountain, and when she was bored she took a golden ball, and threw it up on high and caught it, and this ball was her favorite play thing. 

-Complication 

Now it so happened that on one occasion the princess's golden ball did not fall into the little hand which she was holding up for it, but on to the ground beyond, and rolled straight into the water. The king's daughter followed it with her eyes, but it vanished, and the well was deep, so deep that the bottom could not be seen. At this she began to cry, and cried louder and louder, and could not be comforted. And as she thus lamented someone said to her, "What ails you, king's daughter? You weep so that even a stone would show pity."

She looked round to the side from whence the voice came, and saw a frog stretching forth its big, ugly head from the water. "Ah, old water-splasher, is it you," she said, "I am weeping for my golden ball, which has fallen into the well." "Be quiet, and do not weep," answered the frog, "I can help you, but what will you give me if I bring your play thing up again?" "Whatever you will have, dear frog," said she, "My clothes, my pearls and jewels, and even the golden crown which I am wearing." The frog answered, "I do not care for your clothes, your pearls and jewels, nor for your golden crown, but if you will love me and let me be your companion and play-fellow, and sit by you at your little table, and eat off your little golden plate, and drink out of your little cup, and sleep in your little bed - if you will promise me this I will go down below, and bring you your golden ball up again." 

 

"Oh yes," said she, "I promise you all you wish, if you will but bring me my ball back again." But she thought, "How the silly frog does talk. All he does is to sit in the water with the other frogs, and croak. He can be no companion to any human being."

But the frog when he had received this promise, put his head into the water and sank down; and in a short while came swimmming up again with the ball in his mouth, and threw it on the grass. The king's daughter was delighted to see her pretty play thing once more, and picked it up, and ran away with it. "Wait, wait," said the frog. "Take me with you. I can't run as you can." But what did it avail him to scream his croak, croak, after her, as loudly as he could. She did not listen to it, but ran home and soon forgot the poor frog, who was forced to go back into his well again.

 

The next day when she had seated herself at table with the king and all the courtiers, and was eating from her little golden plate, something came creeping splish splash, splish splash, up the marble staircase, and when it had got to the top, it knocked at the door and cried, "Princess, youngest princess, open the door for me." She ran to see who was outside, but when she opened the door, there sat the frog in front of it. Then she slammed the door to, in great haste, sat down to dinner again, and was quite frightened. The king saw plainly that her heart was beating violently, and said, "My child, what are you so afraid of? Is there perchance a giant outside who wants to carry you away?"

"Ah, no," replied she. "It is no giant but a disgusting frog."

"What does a frog want with you?"

"Ah, dear father, yesterday as I was in the forest sitting by the well, playing, my golden ball fell into the water. And because I cried so, the frog brought it out again for me, and because he so insisted, I promised him he should be my companion, but I never thought he would be able to come out of his water. And now he is outside there, and wants to come in to me."

In the meantime it knocked a second time, and cried, "Princess, youngest princess, open the door for me, do you not know what you said to me yesterday by the cool waters of the well. Princess, youngest princess, open the door for me."

Then said the king, "That which you have promised must you perform. Go and let him in." She went and opened the door, and the frog hopped in and followed her, step by step, to her chair. There he sat and cried, "Lift me up beside you." She delayed, until at last the king commanded her to do it. Once the frog was on the chair he wanted to be on the table, and when he was on the table he said, "Now, push your little golden plate nearer to me that we may eat together." She did this, but it was easy to see that she did not do it willingly. The frog enjoyed what he ate, but almost every mouthful she took choked her. At length he said, "I have eaten and am satisfied, now I am tired, carry me into your little room and make your little silken bed ready, and we will both lie down and go to sleep."

The king's daughter began to cry, for she was afraid of the cold frog which she did not like to touch, and which was now to sleep in her pretty, clean little bed. But the king grew angry and said, "He who helped you when you were in trouble ought not afterwards to be despised by you." So she took hold of the frog with two fingers, carried him upstairs, and put him in a corner, but when she was in bed he crept to her and said, "I am tired, I want to sleep as well as you, lift me up or I will tell your father." At this she was terribly angry, and took him up and threw him with all her might against the wall. "Now, will you be quiet, odious frog," said she. But when he fell down he was no frog but a king's son with kind and beautiful eyes. He by her father's will was now her dear companion and husband. Then he told her how he had been bewitched by a wicked witch, and how no one could have delivered him from the well but herself, and that tomorrow they would go together into his kingdom.

Then they went to sleep, and the next morning when the sun awoke them, a carriage came driving up with eight white horses, which had white ostrich feathers on their heads, and were harnessed with golden chains, and behind stood the young king's servant Faithful Henry.

Faithful Henry had been so unhappy when his master was changed into a frog, that he had caused three iron bands to be laid round his heart, lest it should burst with grief and sadness. The carriage was to conduct the young king into his kingdom. Faithful Henry helped them both in, and placed himself behind again, and was full of joy because of this deliverance. And when they had driven a part of the way the king's son heard a cracking behind him as if something had broken. So he turned round and cried, "Henry, the carriage is breaking." 

-Resolution

 

"No, master, it is not the carriage. It is a band from my heart, which was put there in my great pain when you were a frog and imprisoned in the well." Again and once again while they were on their way something cracked, and each time the king's son thought the carriage was breaking, but it was only the bands which were springing from the heart of Faithful Henry because his master was set free and was happy. 

http://childhoodreading.com/Edmund_Dulac_and_Gus/Magic_Jewel.html

Sepak Bola

Sepak bola adalah permainan bola yang sangat populer dimainkan oleh dua tim, yang masing-masing beranggotakan sebelas orang.

Seorang penyerang (merah) menggiring bola melalui dua orang pemain belakang dan akan menendang bola ke arah kiper yang menjaga gawang.

Sejarah Sepak Bola

Menurut Bill Muray, pakar sejarah sepak bola, dalam bukunya The World Game: A History of Soccer, sepak bola sudah dimainkan sejak awal Masehi. Saat itu, orang-orang di era Mesir Kuno sudah mengenal permainan membawa dan menendang bola yang dibuat dari buntalan kain linen. Sejarah Yunani Purba juga mencatat ada sebuah permainan yang disebut episcuro, permainan menggunakan bola. Bukti itu tergambar pada relief-relief di dinding museum yang melukiskan anak muda memegang bola bulat dan memainkannya dengan paha.

Sepak bola juga disebut-sebut berasal dari daratan Cina. Dalam sebuah dokumen militer disebutkan, sejak 206 SM, pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Tsin dan Han, orang-orang sudah memainkan permainan bola yang disebut tsu chu. Tsu mempunyai arti "menerjang bola dengan kaki". Sedangkan chu, berarti "bola dari kulit dan ada isinya". Mereka bermain bola yang terbuat dari kulit binatang dengan cara menendang dan menggiringnya ke sebuah jaring yang dibentangkan pada dua tiang.

Jepang pun tidak mau ketinggalan. Sejak abad ke-8, konon masyarakatnya sudah mengenal permainan ini. Mereka menyebutnya sebagai Kemari. Bolanya terbuat dari kulit kijang berisi udara.

Yang menarik, ada legenda pada abad pertengahan. Konon saat itu, seluruh desa mengikuti satu permainan bola. Bola yang terbuat dari tengkorak, ditendang satu diantara warga ke arah desa tetangga. Kemudian, oleh si penerima bola di desa itu, bola dilanjutkan ditendang ke desa selanjutnya.

Peraturan Sepak Bola

Peraturan resmi permainan sepak bola (Laws of the Game) adalah:

• Peraturan 1: Lapangan sepak bola
• Peraturan 2: Bola sepak bola
• Peraturan 3: Jumlah Pemain
• Peraturan 4: Peralatan Pemain
• Peraturan 5: Wasit
• Peraturan 6: Asisten wasit
• Peraturan 7: Lama Permainan
• Peraturan 8: Memulai dan Memulai Kembali Permainan
• Peraturan 9: Bola Keluar dan di Dalam Lapangan
• Peraturan 10: Cara Mendapatkan Angka
• Peraturan 11: Offside
• Peraturan 12: Pelanggaran
• Peraturan 13: Tendangan bebas
• Peraturan 14: Tendangan penalti
• Peraturan 15: Lemparan dalam
• Peraturan 16: Tendangan gawang
• Peraturan 17: Tendangan

Selain peraturan-peraturan di atas, keputusan-keputusan Badan Asosiasi Sepak bola Internasional (IFAB) lainnya turut menambah peraturan dalam sepak bola. Peraturan-peraturan lengkapnya dapat ditemukan di situs web FIFA.

Tujuan permainan

Dua tim yang masing-masing terdiri dari 11 orang bertarung untuk memasukkan sebuah bola bundar ke gawang lawan ("mencetak gol"). Tim yang mencetak lebih banyak gol adalah sang pemenang (biasanya dalam jangka waktu 90 menit, tetapi ada cara lainnya untuk menentukan pemenang jika hasilnya seri). akan diadakan pertambahan waktu 2x 15 menit dan apabila dalam pertambahan waktu hasilnya masih seri akan diadakan adu penalty yang setiap timnya akan diberikan lima kali kesempatan untuk menendang bola ke arah gawang dari titik penalty yang berada di dalam daerah kiper hingga hasilnya bisa ditentukan. Peraturan terpenting dalam mencapai tujuan ini adalah para pemain (kecuali penjaga gawang) tidak boleh menyentuh bola dengan tangan mereka selama masih dalam permainan.

Taktik Permainan

Taktik yang biasa dipakai oleh klub-klub sepak bola adalah sebagai berikut:

1. 4-4-2 (klasik: empat skipper)
2. 4-4-2 (dengan dua sayap)
3. 4-4-1-1
4. 4-2-4
5. 4-3-2-1
6. 4-3-1-2
7. 4-5-1
8. 4-3-3
9. 4-2-3-1
10. 4-3-3
11. 4-1-4-1
12. 3-4-3
13. 3-5-2 dengan libero
14. 3-5-2 tanpa libero
15. 3-6-1
16. 5-4-1

Taktik yang dipakai oleh sebuah tim selalu berubah tergantung dari kondisi yang terjadi selama permainan berlangsung. Pada intinya ada tiga taktik yang digunakan yaitu; Bertahan, Menyerang, dan Normal.

Ofisial

Sebuah pertandingan diperintah oleh seorang wasit yang mempunyai "wewenang penuh untuk menjalankan pertandingan sesuai Peraturan Permainan dalam suatu pertandingan yang telah diutuskan kepadanya" (Peraturan 5), dan keputusan-keputusan pertandingan yang dikeluarkannya dianggap sudah final. Sang wasit dibantu oleh dua orang asisten wasit (dulu dipanggil hakim/penjaga garis). Dalam banyak pertandingan wasit juga dibantu seorang ofisial keempat yang dapat menggantikan seorang ofisial lainnya jika diperlukan.selain itu juga mereka membutuhkan alat-alat untuk membantu jalannya petandingan seperti:

1. papan pengganti pemain
2. meja dan kursi

Tim

1. Jumlah pemain maksimal untuk memulai pertandingan: 11, salah satunya penjaga gawang
2. Jumlah pemain minimal untuk mengakhiri pertandingan: 7
3. Jumlah pemain cadangan maksimal: 13
4. Jumlah wasit: 1
5. Jumlah hakim garis: 2
6. Batas jumlah pergantian pemain: tak terbatas

Perlengkapan permainan

1. Kaos bernomor
2. Celana pendek
3. Kaos kaki
4. Pelindung lutut
5. Alas kaki bersolkan karet

Lapangan permainan dan bola

Ukuran lapangan standar

• Lapangan permainan

1. Ukuran: panjang 100-110 m x lebar 64-75 m
2. Garis batas: garis selebar ... cm, yakni garis sentuh di sisi, garis gawang di ujung-ujung, dan garis melintang tengah lapangan; ... m lingkaran tengah; tak ada tembok penghalang atau papan
3. Daerah penalti: busur berukuran ... m dari setiap pos
4. Garis penalti: ... m dari titik tengah garis gawang
5. Garis penalti kedua: ... m dari titik tengah garis gawang
6. Zona pergantian: daerah ... m (... m pada setiap sisi garis tengah lapangan) pada sisi tribun dari pelemparan
7. Gawang: tinggi 7 m x lebar 2,5 m
8. Permukaan daerah pelemparan: halus, rata, dan tak abrasif

• Bola

1. Ukuran: ... cm
2. Keliling: ... cm
3. Berat: ... gram
4. Lambungan: ... cm pada pantulan pertama
5. Bahan: ...

Lama permainan

1. Lama normal: 2x45 menit
2. Lama istiharat: 15 menit
3. Lama perpanjangan waktu: 2x15 menit
4. Ada adu penalti jika jumlah gol kedua tim seri saat perpanjangan waktu selesai
5. Time-out: 1 per tim per babak; tak ada dalam waktu tambahan
6. Waktu pergantian babak: maksimal 15 menit

Perpanjangan waktu dan adu penalti

Kebanyakan pertandingan biasanya berakhir setelah kedua babak tersebut, dengan sebuah tim memenangkan pertandingan atau berakhir seri. Meskipun begitu, beberapa pertandingan, terutamanya yang memerlukan pemenang mengadakan babak tambahan yang disebut perpanjangan waktu kala pertandingan berakhir imbang: dua babak yang masing-masing sepanjang 15 menit dimainkan. Hingga belum lama ini, IFAB telah mencoba menggunakan beberapa bentuk dari sistem 'sudden death', namun mereka kini telah tidak digunakan.

Jika hasilnya masih imbang setelah perpanjangan waktu, beberapa kejuaraan mempergunakan adu penalti untuk menentukan sang pemenang. Ada juga kejuaraan lainnya yang mengharuskan pertandingan tersebut untuk diulangi.

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa gol yang dicetak sewaktu babak perpanjangan waktu ikut dihitung ke dalam hasil akhir, berbeda dari gol yang dihasilkan dari titik penalti yang hanya digunakan untuk menentukan pemenang pertandingan.

Wasit sebagai pengukur waktu resmi

Wasit yang memimpin pertandingan sejumlah 1 orang dan dibantu 2 orang sebagai hakim garis. Kemudian dibantu wasit cadangan yang membantu apabila terjadi pergantian pemain dan mengumumkan tambahan waktu. Pada Piala Dunia 2006, digunakan ofisial ke-lima.

Percobaan penggunaan gol emas dan gol perak

Lihat: Gol perak; Gol emas.

Pada akhir 1990-an, IFAB mencoba membuat pertandingan lebih mungkin berakhir tanpa memerlukan adu penalti, yang sering dianggap sebagai cara yang kurang tepat untuk mengakhiri pertandingan.

Contohnya adalah sistem gol perak yang mengakhiri pertandingan jika sebuah gol dicetak pada perpanjangan waktu pertama, dan gol emas yang mengakhiri pertandingan jika sebuah gol dicetak pada perpanjangan waktu kedua.

Kedua sistem ini telah dihentikan oleh IFAB.

Kejuaraan internasional besar

Kejuaraan internasional terbesar di sepak bola ialah Piala Dunia yang diselenggarakan oleh Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Piala Dunia diadakan setiap empat tahun sekali. Lebih dari 190 timnas bertanding di turnamen kualifikasi regional untuk sebuah tempat di babak final. Turnamen babak final yang berlangsung selama empat minggu kini melibatkan 32 timnas (naik dari 24 pada tahun 1998).

Kejuaraan internasional yang besar di setiap benua adalah:

• Eropa: Piala Eropa atau dikenal dengan nama Euro
• Amerika Selatan: Copa América
• Afrika: Piala Afrika
• Asia: Piala Asia
• Amerika Utara: Piala Emas CONCACAF
• Oseania: Piala Oseania

Ajang tingkat klub terbesar di Eropa adalah Liga Champions, sementara di Amerika Selatan adalah Copa Libertadores. Di Asia, Liga Champions Asia adalah turnamen tingkat klub terbesar.

Sepak bola sudah dimainkan di Olimpiade sejak tahun 1900. (kecuali pada Olimpiade tahun 1932 di Los Angeles). Awalnya ini hanya untuk pemain-pemain amatir saja, namun sejak Olimpiade Los Angeles 1984 pemain profesional juga mulai ikut bermain, disertai peraturan yang mencegah negara-negara daripada memainkan tim terkuat mereka. Pada saat ini, turnamen Olimpiade untuk pria merupakan turnamen U-23 yang boleh ditamnbahi beberapa pemain di atas umur. Akibatnya, turnamen ini tidak mempunyai kepentingan internasional dan prestise yang sama dengan Piala Dunia, atau bahkan dengan Euro, Copa America atau Piala Afrika.

Sebaliknya, turnamen Olimpiade untuk wanita membawa prestise yang hampir sama seperti Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA; turnamen tersebut dimainkan oleh tim-tim internasional yang lengkap tanpa batasan umur.

Sepak bola internasional
FIFA · Piala Dunia · Piala Konfederasi · Piala Dunia U-20 · Piala Dunia U-17 · Olimpiade · Asian Games · All-Africa Games · Pan American Games · Turnamen kecil · Peringkat Dunia · Pemain Terbaik Dunia · Tim · Kompetisi · Federasi · Kode
Asia	AFC – Piala Asia
Afrika	CAF – Piala Afrika
Amerika Utara	CONCACAF – Piala Emas
Amerika Selatan	CONMEBOL – Copa América
Oseania	OFC – Piala Oseania
Eropa	UEFA – Piala Eropa
Non-FIFA	NF-Board – Piala Dunia Viva

source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_bola